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The Manusmṛti (Sanskrit: ), also spelled as Manusmriti,〔(Manusmriti ), The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (2009), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195134056, See entry for Manusmriti〕 is the most important and most studied ancient legal text among the many ' of Hinduism.〔Flood (1996), page 56〕 It was one of the first Sanskrit texts translated during the British rule of India in 1794, by Sir William Jones,〔Flood (1996), page 56〕 and used to formulate the Hindu law by the colonial government.〔P Bilimoria (2011), The Idea of Hindu Law, Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, Volume 43, pages 103-130〕〔Donald Davis (2010), The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521877046, page 13-16, 166-179〕 Over fifty manuscripts of Manusmriti are now known, but the earliest discovered, most translated and presumed authentic version since the 18th-century has been the "Calcutta manuscript with Kulluka Bhatta commentary".〔 Modern scholarship states this presumed authenticity is false, and the various manuscripts of Manusmriti discovered in India are inconsistent with each other, and within themselves, raising concerns of its authenticity, insertions and interpolations made into the text in later times.〔〔 The metrical text is in Sanskrit, is variously dated to be from 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE, and it presents itself as a discourse given by Manu and Bhrigu on dharma topics such as duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and others. The text's fame spread outside India, long before the colonial era. The medieval era Buddhistic law of Myanmar and Thailand are also ascribed to Manu,〔Steven Collins (1993), The discourse of what is primary, Journal of Indian philosophy, Volume 21, pages 301-393〕〔Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195171464, pages 3-4〕 and the text influenced past Hindu kingdoms in Cambodia and Indonesia.〔Robert Lingat (1973), The Classical Law of India, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520018983, page 77〕 Manusmriti is also called the or Laws of Manu.〔 ==Nomenclature== The title ''Manusmriti'' is a relatively modern term and a late innovation, probably coined because the text is in a verse form.〔 The over fifty manuscripts discovered of the text, never use this title, but state the title as ''Manava Dharmasastra'' (Sanskrit: मानवधर्मशास्त्र) in their colophons at the end of each chapter. In modern scholarship, these two titles refer to the same text.〔Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195171464, pages 18-19, 41〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Manusmṛti」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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